Ammonium Chloride (Sal Ammoniac)
Azanium Chloride; Sal Ammoniac; Salmiac; Nushadir Salt
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Ammonium Chloride (Sal Ammoniac)
Ammonium chloride is a white, crystalline powder with unique physical and chemical properties. In its natural form, it occurs as a mineral known as sal ammoniac. Ammonium chloride is highly soluble in water and, when heated, sublimates, decomposing into ammonia and hydrogen chloride. Sal ammoniac is a compound with diverse industrial applications, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and metal processing.
Properties:
- Appearance: White or nearly white crystalline powder or colorless crystals.
- Solubility: Highly soluble in water, with its solutions exhibiting a slightly acidic pH of around 5.
- Melting Point: Sublimates at approximately 340°C, decomposing into ammonia and hydrogen chloride vapors.
- Crystallization: Crystallizes in a cubic system, but at temperatures above 185°C, it transitions into a different crystal structure.
Ammonium chloride is a by-product of the Solvay process used in soda production and can also be obtained by reacting ammonium sulphate with sodium chloride. It is formed when ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid and has amphoteric properties, meaning that it can act as both an acid and a base. This property allows it to participate in various chemical reactions, increasing its versatility in industrial applications.
Ammonium Chloride in the Metallurgical Industry
Due to its chemical properties, sal ammoniac is indispensable in metal processing as:
- A flux in soldering, tinning, and galvanizing processes, effectively removing oxides from metal surfaces to improve bonding quality.
- A cleaning agent for soldering iron tips, particularly in precision applications.
Sal Ammoniac in the Food and Cosmetic Industries
- In the food industry, ammonium chloride (E510) serves as a preservative and leavening agent. It is also a key ingredient in salty licorice and Turkish pepper, giving these products their characteristic taste.
- In cosmetics, ammonium chloride is used to improve the texture of shampoos and other hygiene products.
Ammonium Chloride in Medicine
In the pharmaceutical industry, ammonium chloride is widely used as an expectorant, aiding in the treatment of respiratory conditions. Thanks to its mucus-thinning properties, it is a common ingredient in cough syrups, medicinal drops (such as anise drops), and other remedies designed to alleviate respiratory infections.
Ammonium Chloride in Electronics
Electrolytic ammonium chloride is a key component in zinc-carbon batteries, serving as an electrolyte. Zinc-carbon batteries are commonly used in low-power and intermittent-use devices, such as TV remotes, flashlights, clocks, and smoke detectors. The primary distinction between zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries lies in the electrolyte composition—zinc-carbon batteries use ammonium chloride, whereas alkaline batteries rely on potassium hydroxide.
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